碘是一种对甲状腺健康，神经功能和生殖健康必不可少的矿物质。需要这种微量元素来合成在脑功能，新陈代谢，妊娠和胎儿发育中起关键作用的甲状腺激素。重要的是每个人都应通过健康饮食或膳食补充剂摄入建议量的碘。

体内大多数碘与甲状腺球蛋白结合，并存在于甲状腺中（1）。它是甲状腺功能的主要决定因素，其缺乏会导致多种疾病。怀孕和生长期间的碘缺乏会损害认知功能和发育。其严重缺乏会导致甲状腺功能减退和甲状腺肿大（2）。碘还是一种流行的消毒剂和防腐剂，用于治疗轻度烧伤和感染。而且，它用于抵抗放射性暴露。

下一部分列出了碘的主要好处和用途。去看一下！

碘有什么好处和用途？

1.促进甲状腺健康

甲状腺功能对于新陈代谢至关重要。T3和T4激素（三碘甲状腺素和甲状腺素）含有碘作为必需成分，负责调节甲状腺功能（3）。碘是合成甲状腺激素的必需底物，对甲状腺的自动调节及其功能至关重要。这有助于抵抗内分泌系统的微小波动（4）。

除此之外，已知碘化物（一种碘形式）可控制甲状腺功能。甲状腺刺激激素（TSH）受甲状腺调节，碘化物起关键作用（5），（6）。

碘过量或不足会导致不同的甲状腺疾病，以下各节将详细讨论。

2.可以降低某些甲状腺肿的风险

碘的可用性在甲状腺产生甲状腺激素中起着重要的作用（7）。在成年人中，轻度至中度的碘缺乏会增加由于毒性甲状腺肿引起的甲亢的发生率（7），（8）。

研究表明，过量的碘与功能失调的甲状腺结合可能表现为多结节性甲状腺肿，有时会导致甲状腺毒症（4）。因此，重要的是仔细制定大规模加碘的剂量方案。

3.可能有助于管理过度活跃的甲状腺和IIH

放射性碘（RAI）治疗甲状腺功能亢进症于1941年由波士顿麻萨诸塞州总医院的医生首次采用（9）。研究表明，放射性碘可用于治疗儿童甲状腺功能亢进症（10）。该疗法在适当剂量下显示出高治愈率。然而，存在遗传损伤或甲状腺癌的潜在风险，这就是为什么在可以进行进一步研究之前保守地使用这些基于放射性碘的疗法的原因（10）。

最近的研究表明，使用放射性碘治疗甲状腺功能亢进症是禁忌的（11）。碘引起的甲状腺功能亢进症（IIH）是由于碘缺乏症而引起的，通常发生在患有多结节性甲状腺肿且具有潜在心血管危险因素的老年人群中。监测加碘过程可以帮助管理IIH（12）。

IIH也可能由于甲状腺功能亢进症（格雷夫斯病）因缺碘而未表现出来的个体中碘摄入量的增加而发生（12）。

4.可能有助于治疗甲状腺癌

甲状腺切除术是治疗高分化甲状腺癌的标准方法之一（13）。但是，要施用放射性碘以识别任何残留的组织。由于许多因素，如对放射性碘的作用进行的研究引起争议，例如缺乏对所涉及机制的了解以及对医院的剂量和管理实践缺乏共识（13），（14），（15）。

5.可能有助于怀孕期间的神经发育

碘对于胎儿和儿童中枢神经系统的发育也至关重要（3）。母亲的甲状腺激素调节胎儿的神经发育，对胎儿的发育至关重要，特别是在孕早期后期（16）。因此，建议孕妇通过饮食或补品将碘的摄入量增加50％。我们已经在下面的部分中详细讨论了推荐的剂量水平。

随着怀孕的进行，胎儿开始产生这些激素（16）。低甲状腺素血症，胎儿甲状腺功能减退和克汀病是怀孕期间甲状腺缺乏和神经损伤的一些严重后果（16）。自身免疫性甲状腺疾病（AITD），短暂性妊娠甲状腺功能亢进综合症和不同类型的甲状腺肿在妊娠期间也很常见，尽管其患病率较低。碘缺乏仍然是全世界可预防的智力低下的主要原因（6），（17）。

研究表明，患有甲状腺功能减退症的妇女所生的孩子在神经心理学测试中表现出较低的分数，该语言衡量的指标包括语言，智力（智商），注意力和视觉运动表现（18）。尽管需要进一步的研究来排除可能在新生儿并发症中起作用的其他因素，但建议对所有孕妇进行甲状腺疾病筛查，以便可以采取预防措施（18），（19）。

碘盐不是孕妇怀孕期间提供碘的首选方法，因为盐摄入过多可能会导致进一步的并发症和水分滞留。多种维生素是更好的选择，可以满足怀孕期间碘的推荐饮食要求（20）。

6.可能会改善认知功能

如上所述，碘对于胎儿和儿童中枢神经系统的发育至关重要（3）。建议补充碘，以抵抗怀孕期间碘缺乏引起的甲状腺功能减退。这可以帮助改善儿童的认知功能，并在一定程度上防止学习障碍（1），（3）。

碘对于大脑发育，神经元的形成和分化，髓鞘形成，甚至突触的形成也是必不可少的（1）。

已证明补充碘可以成功改善儿童的身心发育。但是，需要进一步的研究来了解碘在改善认知功能中的作用（21）。

7.可能有助于提高出生体重

研究发现甲状腺功能，碘状态和产前生长之间存在关联（22）。妊娠上半年孕妇甲状腺激素水平高与出生体重降低有关（23）。

补充碘有可能对新生儿的出生体重产生积极影响（24）。

研究表明，口服碘可提高有碘缺乏风险的婴儿的存活率（25）。

8.可能有助于治疗纤维囊性乳腺癌

碘治疗动物纤维囊性乳病的安全性和有效性已得到充分证明（26），（27），（28）。

但是，患有纤维囊性乳腺疾病的患者对碘替代疗法的反应不同（29）。有限的研究可以证实这一说法，但是有初步数据表明，碘可能有助于治疗纤维囊性乳腺癌和乳腺癌（26）。

9.可能有助于消毒水

由于碘具有杀菌特性，因此它是一种廉价而有效的水消毒剂（30）。但是，它可能导致摄入的碘超过每日推荐量。这可能会带来风险，因为过量的碘会导致一些健康并发症（30）。定期在游泳池中使用碘来清洁和消毒水。

10.可以提供防止核辐射的保护

世卫组织建议在发生核事故后使用碘化钾（KI）作为预防措施（31）。它是抵消核反应中意外放射性暴露的最安全，最有效的方法之一（32）。碘化钾会饱和甲状腺的运输，并负面调节放射性碘向甲状腺的沉积。这有助于预防甲状腺功能障碍和甲状腺癌（32）。

11.可能有助于治疗感染

聚维酮碘（PVP-1）是防腐剂和抗菌剂。它可用于治疗割伤，擦伤和轻度烧伤（33）。实际上，世卫组织已在基本药物清单中建议使用该药物（34）。它具有广谱抗菌活性，因此通常用于治疗伤口（手术前后）和皮肤感染。

现在您已经知道了碘对健康的益处，让我们检查一下安全摄取碘的所有方法。

碘的来源

碘的天然来源如下（21）：

• 天然存在于海藻（海带，紫菜，海带和裙带菜），虾和鱼类（如鳕鱼和金枪鱼）中的碘非常丰富。
• 乳制品是碘的另一种丰富来源。在饮食中包括牛奶，奶酪和酸奶，以获取碘的健康益处。
• 面包和谷类谷物也含有碘。
• 蔬菜和水果是碘的主要来源。在耕种土壤中发现的碘可能对其营养价值起重要作用。

您也可以以膳食补充剂和加碘食盐的形式服用碘（21）。

您可以了解更多有关碘的来源以及如何将其包括在饮食中的信息。

Now, let’s talk about how much iodine you need to consume in the next section.

How Much Iodine Do You Need?

The amount of iodine you need to eat each day depends on your age. The average daily recommended amounts are listed below in micrograms (mcg) (21).

• Life Stage And The Recommended Intake
• Birth to 6 months: 110 mcg
• Infants 7-12 months: 130 mcg
• Children 1-8 years: 90 mcg
• Children 9-13 years:120 mcg
• Teens 14-18 years: 150 mcg
• Adults: 150 mcg
• Pregnant teens and women: 220 mcg
• Breastfeeding teens and women: 290 mcg

Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding need extra iodine as the babies get the iodine from their mothers, especially during the early stages of pregnancy. The American Thyroid Association and American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that women who are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding take a daily supplement containing 150 mcg iodine as potassium iodide (21).

Generally, iodine is safe at recommended levels. However, care should be taken when it is taken alongside certain medications that are listed in the next section.

Is There A Risk Of Drug Interactions With Iodine?

1. Iodine supplements are known to interact with several medications such as M1ethimazole/Tapazole (treats hyperthyroidism). Most anti-thyroid medications and the intake of high doses of iodine will be counterproductive. They could lead to a reduction in the production of thyroid hormones (21).
2. Potassium iodide, when taken with ACE inhibitors (Benazepril/Lotensin, Lisinopril, Prinivil, or Zestril) that are often prescribed for high blood pressure, may lead to increased levels of potassium in the bloodstream (21).
3. Drugs like Spironolactone/Aldactone and Amiloride/Midamor – which are potassium-sparing diuretics – can also increase the potassium levels in the body when they interact with potassium iodide (21).

Always consult your doctor or a medical professional before taking iodine supplements.

Iodine is a great supplement for thyroid function, but it also poses the risk of certain side effects. Check them out in the next section.

What Are The Side Effects Of Iodine?

Too little or too much of iodine can upset the delicate balance of thyroid function. Apart from thyroid disorders, high iodine intake can cause vomiting, burning sensation in the mouth, throat, stomach, and fever. You may also experience symptoms such as weak pulse, diarrhea, and nausea (21). Thyroid inflammation, cancer, and goiter are also manifestations of iodine status and thyroid regulation.

What Are Signs And Symptoms Of Iodine Deficiency?

On the other side of the scale is iodine deficiency. Environmental iodine deficiency is one of the leading causes of thyroid disorders such as goiter, cretinism, fetal and infant mortality, and rise in cognitive and neuromotor disabilities (4), (35). This has been tackled by implementing mass iodization programs with successful results (1), (4).

Since iodine status and thyroid hormone production are correlated, the symptoms for iodine deficiency also overlap with those of hypothyroidism:

• Swelling In The Neck: This is a common symptom of goiter, which is caused by iodine deficiency. Low iodine levels trigger the thyroid cells to multiply at exponential rates, which causes the swelling in the neck.
• Unexpected Weight Gain: Iodine levels and thyroid glands are involved in the regulation of metabolism. This may lead to weight gain. However, further studies are needed to understand the exact mechanism behind this (36), (37).
• Fatigue And Weakness: As thyroid function is correlated with energy expenditure, iodine deficiency or hypothyroidism can cause feelings of tiredness, lethargy, and fatigue (38).
• Hair loss (38)
• Dry, flaky skin (38)
• Feeling colder than usual (38)
• Changes in heart rate (38)
• Trouble learning and remembering (38)
• Problems during pregnancy (38)
• Heavy or irregular periods (38)

So, let’s answer the most important question.

Who Should Take Iodine?

Iodine is essential for the normal functioning of the body. Iodine supplements should be taken by:

• Women who are pregnant and breastfeeding (21).
• People with iodine deficiency or hypothyroidism (21).
• People living in iodine-deficient areas (21).
• Iodine-deficient people who consume excessive amounts of goitrogens, such as soy and cruciferous vegetables (21).

Iodine deficiency early in life impairs cognition and growth, but iodine status is also a key determinant of thyroid disorders in adults. Severe iodine deficiency causes goiter and hypothyroidism. Both iodine deficiency and iodine excess are associated with an increased risk of thyroid disorders. Further research is warranted to verify the optimal ranges of iodine intake and to clarify the effects of iodine intake on thyroid disorders.

Frequently Asked Questions

Are iodine supplements safe?

Iodine supplements should be taken under medical supervision. Studies have shown that excess iodine can be harmful (39).

纠正缺碘需要多长时间？

尽管数据有限，但人们在服用碘后3个月内已有改善。

39个来源

Stylecraze有严格的采购准则，并依赖经过同行评审的研究，学术研究机构和医学协会。我们避免使用三级引用。您可以阅读我们的编辑政策，进一步了解我们如何确保内容的准确性和最新性。

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