圣约翰草：10种潜在的健康益处，剂量和副作用

圣约翰草被科学称为贯叶连翘。它是欧洲本土的开花植物。数百年来，它一直在民间医学中用于治疗多种疾病。圣约翰草的提取物含有金丝桃素和金丝桃素等活性成分。据说该植物具有抗炎，抗菌，抗氧化和抗癌的特性。这种草药可以帮助治疗抑郁症，控制更年期症状，愈合伤口，改善注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）和治疗焦虑症。

在本文中，我们将讨论圣约翰草的健康益处，剂量和潜在的副作用。继续阅读。

圣约翰草有什么好处？

1.可能有助于治疗抑郁症

圣约翰草可能有助于治疗抑郁症。通常，诸如抗抑郁药之类的药物用于治疗这一心理问题。抗抑郁药通常会伴随其他副作用。据说圣约翰草中含有一些有效成分，例如金丝桃素，肾上腺素和金丝桃素，可能会增加大脑中化学信使的水平（1）。

一项研究表明，与服用抗抑郁药的受试者相比，服用圣约翰草的受试者发生不良事件的可能性要低得多（2）。此外，使用圣约翰草可以减轻抑郁症的症状，其程度与抗抑郁药相似（3）。

昆士兰大学进行的另一项研究支持使用圣约翰草治疗轻度抑郁症（4）。对29项国际研究的回顾表明，圣约翰草可能比安慰剂更好，并且与用于治疗抑郁症的不同标准处方抗抑郁药一样有效（5）。

2.可能控制更年期症状

圣约翰草提取物可用于缓解更年期的心理和营养症状。它可以改善绝经后妇女的生活质量和潮热。需要进一步的临床试验以进一步了解这种机制（6）。

在另一项研究中，每天补充了900毫克圣约翰草的111位妇女服用12周后，她们的绝经症状有所改善（7）。另一项研究指出，该植物可以用作围绝经期妇女或绝经后妇女的血管舒缩症状的有效疗法（8）。

同样，圣约翰草的提取物及其与草药的结合在绝经后妇女中显示出较少的副作用（9）。每日用圣约翰草治疗对治疗经前综合症（PMS）更有效（10）。

3.可能有助于伤口愈合

传统上，圣约翰草用于治疗伤口和烧伤（11），（12）。这种草药的提取物也已被用作促进皮肤伤口愈合的民间疗法（13）。圣约翰草还导致更快的炎症反应，有助于治愈糖尿病性手术伤口（14）。

人们发现这种草药及其代谢产物（高通素）有助于治疗炎症性皮肤病（15）。人们发现，由于胶原蛋白合成和成纤维细胞迁移，圣约翰草可以治疗伤口（16）。

4.可以治疗注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）

圣约翰草可能有助于治疗注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）。博尔扎诺Bozen地区医院进行的一项研究发现，圣约翰草显示出患者活动亢进和不成熟因素的平均评分略有改善（17）。

然而，一项使用圣约翰草提取物治疗患有多动症的儿童和青少年的研究并未改善他们的症状（18）。因此，需要更长期的研究以进一步了解圣约翰草的益处。

5.可以治疗焦虑症

圣约翰草具有一些有益的治疗特性，可能有助于治疗焦虑症。该植物具有抗抑郁特性，可用于治疗伴有合并症的重度抑郁症（MDD）（19）。西伊利诺伊大学对小鼠进行的一项研究发现，圣约翰草有助于治疗创伤后应激障碍（包括焦虑症）（20）。

但是，在这方面需要进行更多的研究。

6.可以治疗特应性皮炎

Hyperforin是圣约翰草的主要成分，具有抗炎作用。St. John's Wort乳膏的局部应用可能有助于治疗特应性皮炎（21）。

该植物的成分，如金丝桃红素和金丝桃素，具有抗氧化，抗炎，抗癌和抗菌特性，可帮助治疗特应性皮炎（22）。此外，金丝桃素是一种光敏剂，可用于选择性治疗非黑色素瘤皮肤癌（22）。

在这方面需要更多的研究。

7.可以治疗躯体形式障碍

躯体形式障碍是表现为身体伤害的精神障碍。初步研究表明，圣约翰草可能对躯体形式障碍患者具有一定疗效（23）。在另一项研究中，每天服用600毫克圣约翰草提取物可有效治疗躯体形式疾病（24）。

8.可能降低癌症风险

Hyperforin及其衍生物（如aristoforin）是圣约翰草的天然产物，具有多种药理特性。据说Hyperforin是有效的抗癌药（25）。据说圣约翰草中富含褪黑激素的种系具有抗氧化特性。它们有助于抑制癌细胞的生长（26）。

Hyperforin还促进了各种癌细胞的程序性细胞死亡，并抑制了它们的迁移能力（27），（28）。Hyperforin及其衍生物以其低毒性和抗肿瘤特性在抗癌药物中占据重要地位（29）。一项研究表明，在白血病的情况下，hyperforin可以诱导癌细胞死亡（30），（31）。

9.可以治疗鼻窦充血

一些研究表明，圣约翰草可能对鼻窦炎和季节性情感障碍（SAD）有效（32）。圣约翰草具有抗生素和抗病毒特性，可帮助缓解痰淤，鼻窦感染，流感和支气管炎症状。然而，需要进一步的研究以了解圣约翰草对人类的益处。

10.可能降低血压

圣约翰草具有强大的抗炎和抗氧化特性，可以帮助降低血压。一些轶事证据表明，这种草药可以最大程度地减少心血管系统的炎症，并减轻心脏的压力。但是，在这方面需要进行更多的研究。

没有足够的证据来评估

St. John’s Wort has a long history of use in folk medicine for treating a diverse range of disorders that include inflammation, wounds, bacterial and viral infections, peptic ulcers, and respiratory impairments (33). St. John’s Wort is said to possess analgesic and antinociceptive properties that help in the management of pain (34). Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system disorder that is characterized by axonal injury and inflammation. St. John’s Wort is said to possess anti-inflammatory properties that help treat multiple sclerosis (MS) (35).

The strong anti-inflammatory properties of St. John’s Wort make it an ideal solution for severe joint pains, gout, and muscle spasms. The ethyl acetate extract of St. John’s Wort could show antihyperglycemic activity in diabetic rats (36). Animal studies state that St. John’s Wort has hepatoprotective effects that could help treat hepatic ischemia in rats (37). St. John’s Wort may help fight against diabetes. The administration of its extracts (125 and 250 mg/kg) induced a significant decrease in high blood glucose levels in diabetic rats (38).

Following are some of the purported benefits of St. John’s Wort that have insufficient evidence:

Brain tumor (glioma)

John’s Wort may help treat glioma through intravenous injection (39). However, insufficient data is available to prove this claim.

Herpes

Recent studies have shown that St. John’s Wort contains certain antiviral properties. This herb is believed to be helpful in the treatment of herpes, AIDS, hepatitis B, and several other serious viral conditions (40), (41).

Smoking cessation

St. John’s Wort could attenuate nicotine withdrawal signs in mice. The plant was also used as a natural antidepressant in mice. More studies in humans are needed (42). St. John’s Wort proves to be effective in larger controlled studies. It could represent a less expensive, more readily accessible, and well-tolerated agent to promote tobacco cessation (43). However, further studies are necessary to understand the possibility of St. John’s wort in the treatment of smoking cessation in humans.

Helps create a hormonal balance

St. John’s Wort is a widely popular treatment for hormonal imbalances. Its chemical composition is especially shown to lower the hormonal imbalances in a menopausal woman. It may reduce mood swings, the severity of the cramps, irritation, depression, and anxiety levels (44). However, further evidence is needed to confirm its effectiveness.

Other potential benefits of St. John’s Wort that lack any research include the following:

Migraine headache
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Skin redness and irritation (plaque psoriasis)
Tooth pulling
Nerve pain
Burning mouth syndrome
Post-operative pain

Though more research is warranted, the plant does have some benefits. In the following section, we will look at the ideal dosage of the plant.

Dosage*

For Children and young adults (>18 years)

For ADHD – 300 mg St. John’s Wort, three times daily for eight weeks (18)
For depression – 150-1800 mg St. John’s Wort, three times daily for eight weeks (41)

For Adults

For anxiety – 900 mg St. John’s Wort, twice daily for twelve weeks (45)
For cancer – 05-0.50 mg per kg of hypericin, for two months (46)
For mild to moderate depression – 20-1800 mg St. John’s Wort, three times for 4 to 52 weeks
For severe depression – 900-1800 mg, once daily for 8 to 12 weeks (47)
For obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) – 450-1800 mg, once daily for 12 weeks (48)
For premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – 300-900 mg daily for two menstrual cycles (49)
For smoking cessation – 300 mg, once or twice daily for three months (50)

* These values are taken only from randomized clinical trials. They are for reference only. None of them have been proven to treat any particular ailment. Consult your doctor for more information.

Though St. John’s Wort is generally safe for consumption, it also may have some side effects. We will explore them in the following section.

What Are The Potential Side Effects Of St. John’s Wort?

The uncontrolled and unprescribed dosage of St. John’s Wort may cause several side effects. These include allergic reactions, sedation, gastrointestinal symptoms, headache, skin reactions, dry mouth, tiredness/restlessness, and dizziness. The majority of these reactions were generally considered to be mild, moderate, or transient (51), (52), (53).

Some research has indicated that taking certain herbal supplements, including St. John’s Wort, may increase your risk of complications if you are put under anesthesia. You should not take St. John’s Wort at least two weeks before a scheduled surgery (54).

Photosensitivity reactions affecting the skin are other serious adverse reactions associated with St. John’s Wort. Recent data suggest that photosensitivity reactions are dose-related, with increased sensitivity associated with higher doses. Extracts of St. John’s Wort are used in the treatment of depression. They contain various substances with naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin as characteristic ingredients. These compounds may lead to phototoxicity in animals and humans (55), (56).

Also, St. John’s Wort may cause liver injury, tingling, and erectile or sexual dysfunction. However, limited research is available in this regard.

Possible Drug Interactions

St. John’s Wort may react with certain drugs. Generally, most herbs interact with prescribed drugs and have the potential to influence metabolic reactions (56), (57).

In a study, drug interactions with St. John’s Wort had affected the organ systems and the central nervous system. St. John’s Wort and fluoxetine have a similar profile, and this demonstrates that herbal preparations can result in adverse drug reactions that are similar to those of prescription medications (58). In another study, St. John’s Wort interacted with cyclosporin A metabolism. The drug is involved in the careful monitoring of blood levels in a patient after liver transplantation (59).

St. John’s Wort may interact with medicines such as warfarin, phenprocoumon, cyclosporine, oral contraceptives, theophylline, digoxin, indinavir, and lamivudine (60).

Also, it may interact with other drugs. These include:

Antibiotics, antidepressant SSRIs, and Triptans

St. John’s Wort may interact with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This interaction may lead to agitation, nausea, confusion, and diarrhea (56).

Oral contraceptives

St. John’s Wort may interact with oral contraceptives. This results in breakthrough bleeding among women who are taking birth control pills along with St. John’s Wort (56).

Immunosuppressants and blood thinners such as warfarin

Warfarin may interact with St. John’s Wort, which can lead to severe adverse reactions that are sometimes life-threatening (61).

Sedatives and medications used to treat generalized anxiety disorder; drugs used to treat cancer, heart conditions, and HIV/AIDS

From one study, patients with HIV experienced an increase in HIV RNA viral load following the use of St. John’s Wort (56).

Over-the-counter medications (for sleep, cough, and cold)

St. John’s Wort also interacts with anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine, phenobarbitone and phenytoin, theophylline, cyclosporin, phenprocoumon, and digoxin. However, more long-term research is needed to further understand these drug interactions.

Conclusion

St. John’s Wort is an effective dietary supplement and medicinal herb for treating various nervous system related disorders. It is said to possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties and helps to treat many ailments. It may help treat depression, control menopausal symptoms, help in wound healing, and treat anxiety disorders. However, excess and unprescribed usage of this herbal drug may lead to some adverse reactions. Hence, limit its usage and consult your health care provider in case of any medical emergencies.

Expert’s Answers for Readers Questions

How long does St. John’s Wort take to start working?

St. John’s Wort may take 3 to 6 weeks to show any effects. Do not stop taking it all at once, as you may otherwise experience side effects.

Should I take St. John’s Wort in the morning or night?

St. John’s Wort works best if taken twice a day. In the third and fourth weeks of your treatment, take 300 mg in the morning and 600 mg in the evening. In the fifth week, consider increasing the dose to 600 mg twice a day. Like all antidepressants, it can take four to six weeks before you feel any benefits. Consult your doctor for more information on the use and dosage.

Does St. John’s Wort make you gain weight?

No. St. John’s Wort has the potential to prevent obesity and abnormalities with lipid metabolism. It does not lead to weight gain.

Is St. John’s Wort bad for your heart?

St. John’s Wort is well known to help treat depression in heart patients, with less negative side effects on the heart than traditional antidepressants.

Can St. John’s Wort damage the liver?

圣约翰草未与肝损伤相关。由于其与药草之间的许多相互作用和作用，该药草可能会影响肝功能或引起一些肝损伤。避免与肝药一起服用。咨询您的医生。

可以和圣约翰草一起喝酒吗？

在接受圣约翰草治疗时，您应避免或限制使用酒精。酒精会增加圣约翰草与神经系统相关的副作用，包括头晕，嗜睡和注意力不集中。

61个来源

Stylecraze有严格的采购准则，并依赖经过同行评审的研究，学术研究机构和医学协会。我们避免使用三级引用。您可以阅读我们的编辑政策，进一步了解我们如何确保内容的准确性和最新性。

- Butterweck V. Mechanism of action of St John’s wort in depression: what is known?. CNS Drugs . 2003;17(8):539‐562.
  
  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12775192/
- Apaydin, Eric A et al. “A systematic review of St. John’s wort for major depressive disorder.” Systematic reviews vol. 5,1 148. 2 Sep. 2016.
  
  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010734/
- Ng QX, Venkatanarayanan N, Ho CY. Clinical use of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) in depression: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord . 2017;210:211‐221.
  
  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28064110/
- Sarris J, Kavanagh DJ. Kava and St. John’s Wort: current evidence for use in mood and anxiety disorders. J Altern Complement Med . 2009;15(8):827‐836.
  
  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19614563/
- “St. John’s Wort and Depression: In Depth.” National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
  
  www.nccih.nih.gov/health/st-johns-wort-and-depression-in-depth.
- Al-Akoum M, Maunsell E, Verreault R, Provencher L, Otis H, Dodin S. Effects of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) on hot flashes and quality of life in perimenopausal women: a randomized pilot trial. Menopause . 2009;16(2):307‐314.
  
  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19194342/
- Grube, B., A. Walper, and D. Wheatley. “St. John’s Wort extract: efficacy for menopausal symptoms of psychological origin.” Advances in therapy 16.4 (1999): 177-186.
  
  europepmc.org/article/med/10623319
- Abdali, Khadijeh, Marjan Khajehei, and Hamid Reza Tabatabaee. “Effect of St John’s wort on severity, frequency, and duration of hot flashes in premenopausal, perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.” Menopause 17.2 (2010): 326-331.
  
  journals.lww.com/menopausejournal/Abstract/2010/17020/Effect_of_St_John_s_wort_on_severity,_frequency,.20.aspx
- Liu, Y-R., et al. “Hypericum perforatum L. preparations for menopause: a meta-analysis of efficacy and safety.” Climacteric 17.4 (2014): 325-335.
  
  www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/13697137.2013.861814
- Canning, Sarah, et al. “The efficacy of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s Wort) for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome.” CNS drugs 24.3 (2010): 207-225.
  
  link.springer.com/article/10.2165/11530120-000000000-00000
- Henderson, L., et al. “St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes.” British journal of clinical pharmacology 54.4 (2002): 349-356.
  
  bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01683.x
- Jarić, Snežana, et al. “Traditional wound-healing plants used in the Balkan region (Southeast Europe).” Journal of ethnopharmacology 211 (2018): 311-328.
  
  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874117321852
- Altıparmak, Mehmet, et al. “Skin wound healing properties of Hypericum perforatum, Liquidambar orientalis, and propolis mixtures.” European Journal of Plastic Surgery 42.5 (2019): 489-494.
  
  link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00238-019-01538-6
- Altıparmak, Mehmet, and Teoman Eskitaşçıoğlu. “Comparison of systemic and topical Hypericum perforatum on diabetic surgical wounds.” Journal of Investigative Surgery 31.1 (2018): 29-37.
  
  www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08941939.2016.1272654
- Schempp, C. M., et al. “Topical application of St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) and of its metabolite hyperforin inhibits the allostimulatory capacity of epidermal cells.” British Journal of Dermatology 142.5 (2000): 979-984.
  
  onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03482.x
- Dikmen, Miriş, et al. “Evaluation of the wound healing potentials of two subspecies of Hypericum perforatum on cultured NIH3T3 fibroblasts.” Phytotherapy research 25.2 (2011): 208-214.
  
  onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.3243
- Niederhofer H. St. John’s wort may improve some symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nat Prod Res . 2010;24(3):203‐205.
  
  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20140799/
- Weber, Wendy et al. “Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a randomized controlled trial.” JAMA vol. 299,22 (2008): 2633-41.
  
  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2587403/
- Sarris, Jerome, et al. “St. John’s wort and Kava in treating major depressive disorder with comorbid anxiety: A randomised double‐blind placebo‐controlled pilot trial.” Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 24.1 (2009): 41-48.
  
  onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hup.994?referrer_access_token=SEYySO25IalkWAh6KRs87k4keas67K9QMdWULTWMo8MZXS8VxgPOwhZwly8igFVJkGPoB9CfRWEVbwL6vi60QWzWjro1HmMkVX9C78_ZOikm1IFBCWtqO41vE-fhwcRrJ5BpfV0vJZsC3vrUd8Lslg%3D%3D
- McFadden SL, Hooker BL. Comparing Perika St. John’s Wort and Sertraline for Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Mice. J Diet Suppl . 2020;17(3):300‐308.
  
  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30773961/
- Schempp, Christoph M., et al. “Topical treatment of atopic dermatitis with St. John’s wort cream–a randomized, placebo controlled, double blind half-side comparison.” Phytomedicine 10 (2003): 31-37.
  
  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0944711304703499
- Wölfle, Ute, Günter Seelinger, and Christoph M. Schempp. “Topical application of St. Johnʼs wort (Hypericum perforatum).” Planta medica 80.02/03 (2014): 109-120.
  
  www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0033-1351019
- Volz, Hans-Peter, et al. “St John’s wort extract (LI 160) in somatoform disorders: results of a placebo-controlled trial.” Psychopharmacology 164.3 (2002): 294-300.
  
  link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-002-1171-6
- Müller, Thomas, et al. “Treatment of somatoform disorders with St. John’s wort: a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial.” Psychosomatic Medicine 66.4 (2004): 538-547.
  
  journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/Abstract/2004/07000/Treatment_of_Somatoform_Disorders_With_St__John_s.12.aspx
- Gartner, Michael, et al. “Aristoforin, a novel stable derivative of hyperforin, is a potent anticancer agent.” Chembiochem 6.1 (2005): 171-177.
  
  chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cbic.200400195
- Murch, Susan J., and Praveen K. Saxena. “A melatonin‐rich germplasm line of St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.).” Journal of pineal research 41.3 (2006): 284-287.
  
  onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2006.00367.x
- Quiney, C., et al. “Hyperforin, a new lead compound against the progression of cancer and leukemia?.” Leukemia 20.9 (2006): 1519-1525.
  
  www.nature.com/articles/2404301
- Rothley, Melanie, et al. “Hyperforin and aristoforin inhibit lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and suppress tumor‐induced lymphangiogenesis in vivo.” International journal of cancer 125.1 (2009): 34-42.
  
  onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ijc.24295
- Schempp, Christoph M., et al. “Inhibition of tumour cell growth by hyperforin, a novel anticancer drug from St. John’s wort that acts by induction of apoptosis.” Oncogene 21.8 (2002): 1242-1250.
  
  www.nature.com/articles/1205190
- Quiney, C., et al. “Hyperforin inhibits MMP-9 secretion by B-CLL cells and microtubule formation by endothelial cells.” Leukemia 20.4 (2006): 583-589.
  
  www.nature.com/articles/2404134
- Quiney, C., et al. “Pro-apoptotic properties of hyperforin in leukemic cells from patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.” Leukemia 20.3 (2006): 491-497.
  
  www.nature.com/articles/2404098
- Meesters, Ybe, and Marijke Cm Gordijn. “Seasonal affective disorder, winter type: current insights and treatment options.” Psychology research and behavior management vol. 9 317-327. 30 Nov. 2016.
  
  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5138072/
- Nicolussi, Simon, et al. “Clinical relevance of St. John’s wort drug interactions revisited.” British journal of pharmacology 177.6 (2020): 1212-1226.
  
  bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bph.14936
- Galeotti, Nicoletta. “Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) beyond depression: A therapeutic perspective for pain conditions.” Journal of ethnopharmacology 200 (2017): 136-146.
  
  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116314799
- Nosratabadi, Reza. “St. John’s Wort and Its Component Hyperforin Alleviate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis through Expansion of Regulatory T-Cells.” Taylor & Francis.
  
  www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/1547691X.2015.1101512
- S, Arokiyaraj, et al. “Antihyperglycemic Effect of Hypericum Perforatum Ethyl Acetate Extract on Streptozotocin–Induced Diabetic Rats.” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine , No Longer Published by Elsevier, 21 July 2011.
  
  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2221169111600853
- Bayramoglu, Gokhan, et al. “The hepatoprotective effects of Hypericum perforatum L. on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.” Cytotechnology 66.3 (2014): 443-448.
  
  link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10616-013-9595-x
- Can, Özgür Devrim, et al. “Effects of treatment with St. John’s Wort on blood glucose levels and pain perceptions of streptozotocin-diabetic rats.” Fitoterapia 82.4 (2011): 576-584.
  
  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0367326X11000293
- Jendželovská, Zuzana et al. “Hypericin in the Light and in the Dark: Two Sides of the Same Coin.” Frontiers in plant science vol. 7 560. 6 May. 2016.
  
  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4859072/#B108
- Jacobson, J M et al. “Pharmacokinetics, safety, and antiviral effects of hypericin, a derivative of St. John’s wort plant, in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.” Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy vol. 45,2 (2001): 517-24.
  
  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC90321/
- Klemow, Kenneth M., et al. “11 Medical Attributes of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum).” Lester Packer, Ph. D. (2011): 211.
  
  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92750/
- Catania, Maria A., et al. “Hypericum perforatum attenuates nicotine withdrawal signs in mice.” Psychopharmacology 169.2 (2003): 186-189.
  
  link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-003-1492-0
- Lawvere, Silvana, et al. “A Phase II study of St. John’s Wort for smoking cessation.” Complementary therapies in medicine 14.3 (2006): 175-184.
  
  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0965229906000227
- Geller, Stacie E, and Laura Studee. “Botanical and dietary supplements for menopausal symptoms: what works, what does not.” Journal of women’s health (2002) vol. 14,7 (2005): 634-49.
  
  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1764641/
- Apaydin, Eric A et al. “A systematic review of St. John’s wort for major depressive disorder.” Systematic reviews vol. 5,1 148. 2 Sep. 2016.
  
  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010734/
- Couldwell WT, Surnock AA, Tobia AJ, et al. A phase 1/2 study of orally administered synthetic hypericin for treatment of recurrent malignant gliomas. Cancer . 2011;117(21):4905‐4915.
  
  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21456013/
- Cui, Yong-Hua, and Yi Zheng. “A meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of St John’s wort extract in depression therapy in comparison with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in adults.” Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment vol. 12 1715-23. 11 Jul. 2016.
  
  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4946846/
- Taylor LH, Kobak KA. An open-label trial of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry . 2000;61(8):575‐578.
  
  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10982200/
- Canning S, Waterman M, Orsi N, Ayres J, Simpson N, Dye L. The efficacy of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. CNS Drugs . 2010;24(3):207‐225.
  
  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20155996/
- Sood, Amit et al. “A randomized clinical trial of St. John’s wort for smoking cessation.” Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.) vol. 16,7 (2010): 761-7.
  
  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110810/
- Ernst, E., et al. “Adverse effects profile of the herbal antidepressant St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.).” European journal of clinical pharmacology 54.8 (1998): 589-594.
  
  link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002280050519
- Woelk, H., G. Burkard, and J. Grünwald. “Benefits and risks of the hypericum extract LI 160: drug monitoring study with 3250 patients.” Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology 7.1_suppl (1994): 34-38.
  
  journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/089198879400701s10
- Oliveira, Ana I., et al. “Neuroprotective activity of Hypericum perforatum and its major components.” Frontiers in plant science 7 (2016): 1004.
  
  www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2016.01004/full#B80
- Wong, Adrian, and Stephen A. Townley. “Herbal medicines and anaesthesia.” Continuing education in anaesthesia, critical care & pain 11.1 (2011): 14-17.
  
  academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/11/1/14/285726
- Brockmöller, J., et al. “Hypericin and pseudohypericin: pharmacokinetics and effects on photosensitivity in humans.” Pharmacopsychiatry 30.S 2 (1997): 94-101.
  
  www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-2007-979527
- Henderson, L., et al. “St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes.” British journal of clinical pharmacology 54.4 (2002): 349-356.
  
  bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01683.x
- Mannel, Marcus. “Drug interactions with St John’s wort.” Drug safety 27.11 (2004): 773-797.
  
  link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00002018-200427110-00003
- Hoban, Claire L., Roger W. Byard, and Ian F. Musgrave. “A comparison of patterns of spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting with St. John’s Wort and fluoxetine during the period 2000–2013.” Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 42.7 (2015): 747-751.
  
  onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1440-1681.12424
- Karliova, Marc, et al. “Interaction of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) with cyclosporin A metabolism in a patient after liver transplantation.” Journal of hepatology 33.5 (2000): 853-855.
  
  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168827800803219
- Belwal, Tarun, et al. “St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum).” Nonvitamin and Nonmineral Nutritional Supplements . Academic Press, 2019. 415-432.
  
  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128124918000564
- Milić, Nataša, et al. “Warfarin interactions with medicinal herbs.” Natural product communications 9.8 (2014): 1934578X1400900835.
  
  journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1934578X1400900835